On March 12, 1689, James II arrives in Ireland to lead Jacobite (pro-James II) forces against forces loyal to King William III of England. James had previously been deposed by William and Mary with the support of Parliament during the Glorious Revolution. James had hoped to rally Jacobite forces in Ireland to retake the island and weaken William and reclaim the throne with the help of France, whose Catholic monarch supported the restoration of the Catholic James to the English throne. James, joined by French troops and Irish, Scottish, and English volunteers, marched upon Ulster, laying siege to Derry. Bloody fighting between the Jacobites and Williamites (King William's supporters) continued through 1691 when the war finally ended with the Treaty of Limerick on October 3, 1691. Under the treaty, Jacobites were allowed to remain in Ireland under the condition that they swear an oath of loyalty to William and Mary, while those who were still serving in the Jacobite army were allowed to sail to France where they would become part of the French army's Irish Brigade, a unit which would exist until its dissolution as part of the nationalization of foreign units in the French military in 1791. Further laws were passed in the wake of the war that would effectively bar Catholics from holding public office or possess arms.
With the Williamite victory in Ireland, James II was essentially guaranteed to never regain the throne in England. Furthermore, Protestant English control over Ireland would be effectively guaranteed for the next ~200 years. As for the Stuart dynasty, James II would be the last Catholic king of England and would die on September 16, 1701, in France. His eldest daughter, Mary, would continue to rule England, Scotland, and Ireland alongside her husband William until her death on December 28, 1694. Following William's death on March 8, 1702, Mary's younger sister Anne assumed the throne and would rule as the last Stuart monarch until her death on August 1, 1714, at which point the British monarchy passed to King George I and the House of Hanover. The House of Hanover would itself be replaced on the throne with the death of Victoria I on January 22, 1901, and the subsequent ascension to the throne of her son, Edward VII and the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which has been known as House of Windsor following a name change during World War I.
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