This Day in History: February 12, 1825

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This Day in History

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On February 12, 1825, the Second Treaty of Indian Springs is signed between the government of the United States and a faction of the Muscogee Creek. The treaty was one of a series a removal treaties made between the US and the Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Seminole (also referred to as the Five Civilized Tribes). The terms of the Treaty of Indian Springs called for the Creek to cede all lands east of the Chattahoochee River in exchange for lands west of the Mississippi River as well as $200,000 issued in a series of annuities. On February 12, William McIntosh and other leaders of the Lower Creeks signed the treaty. However, this was done without the approval of the Creek National Council and thus violated Creek law. Such an act was considered a capital offense and on April 30, McIntosh's home was set ablaze and McIntosh himself was shot and stabbed to death. Meanwhile, the leaders of the Upper Creek, including Opothleyahola, traveled to Washington, D.C., to protest the treaty as invalid and to meet with President John Q. Adams. In 1826, a new treaty (Treaty of Washington) was signed by the Creek leaders with approval of the Creek National Council and provided better terms for removal. Included among the terms were a single payment of $200,000 with further yearly annuities of $20,000, government funding for the removal itself as well as for the first year in Indian Territory, and allowing the Creeks to retain their lands until 1827 with a small section to remain under Creek ownership afterward. However, then-governor of Georgia George Troup immediately set to having Creek lands surveyed for lottery and, when countered by federal authority, deployed the Georgia militia.

Over the following years, the citizens of the Creek Nation would complete there removal to Indian Territory, settling in the central part of what is today eastern Oklahoma. Today, the capital of the Creek Nation is located in Okmulgee, Oklahoma.

Keywords

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